view consists of a stored query accessible as a virtual table composed of the result set of a query. Unlike ordinary tables (base tables) in a relational database, a view does not form part of the physical schema: it is a dynamic, virtual table computed or collated from data in the database. Changing the data in a table alters the data shown in subsequent invocations of the view.

Views can provide advantages over tables:

* Views can represent a subset of the data contained in a table

* Views can join and simplify multiple tables into a single virtual table

* Views can act as aggregated tables, where the database engine aggregates data (sum, average etc) and presents the calculated results as part of the data

* Views can hide the complexity of data; for example a view could appear as Sales2000 or Sales2001, transparently partitioning the actual underlying table

* Views take very little space to store; the database contains only the definition of a view, not a copy of all the data it presents

* Depending on the SQL engine used, views can provide extra security

* Views can limit the degree of exposure of a table or tables to the outer world

Just as functions (in programming) can provide abstraction, so database users can create abstraction by using views. In another parallel with functions, database users can manipulate nested views, thus one view can aggregate data from other views. Without the use of views the normalization of databases above second normal form would become much more difficult. Views can make it easier to create lossless join decomposition.

Just as rows in a base table lack any defined ordering, rows available through a view do not appear with any default sorting. A view is a relational table, and the relational model defines a table as a set of rows. Since sets are not ordered – by definition – the rows in a view are not ordered, either. Therefore, an ORDER BY clause in the view definition is meaningless. The SQL standard (SQL:2003) does not allow an ORDER BY clause in a subselect in a CREATE VIEW statement, just as it is not allowed in a CREATE TABLE statement. However, sorted data can be obtained from a view, in the same way as any other table – as part of a query statement. Nevertheless, some DBMS (such as Oracle and SQL Server) allow a view to be created with an ORDER BY clause in a subquery, affecting how data is displayed.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article View (database), under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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Work on applications of mathematical logic (paradoxes, quantum logic, linguistic logic–see computational semantics), schizophrenia, and database logic) has pervaded Mr. McGoveran’s career (1971-present). He worked with H. Pierre Noyes (1986-1992) in the Theory Group at SLAC (Stanford University), making contributions to the discrete mathematical foundations of physics (e.g. bit-string physics), and was invited to be Visiting Scholar for those years.

With Christopher J. Date, he developed the Principle of Orthogonal Design (POOD) and general algorithms found in The Third Manifesto (Christopher J. Date, Hugh Darwen) for updating virtual relations (e.g., view). His work on logic applied to relational databases and on design without “nulls” (see null) (1993) has been republished several times. Some of his work is discussed at Database Debunkings. Work on adaptive transaction models and a new data model is ongoing.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article David McGoveran, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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active record pattern is a design pattern found in software that stores its data in relational databases. It was named by Martin Fowler in his 2003 book [http://books.google.com/books?id=FyWZt5DdvFkC&lpg=PA1&dq=Patterns%20of%20Enterprise%20Application%20Architecture%20by%20Martin%20Fowler&pg=PT187#v=onepage&q=active%20record&f=false ''Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture'']. The interface to such an object would include functions such as Insert, Update, and Delete, plus properties that correspond more or less directly to the columns in the underlying database table.

Active record is an approach to accessing data in a database. A database table or view is wrapped into a class. Thus, an object instance is tied to a single row in the table. After creation of an object, a new row is added to the table upon save. Any object loaded gets its information from the database. When an object is updated the corresponding row in the table is also updated. The wrapper class implements accessor methods or properties for each column in the table or view.

This pattern is commonly used by object persistence tools, and in object-relational mapping. Typically, foreign key relationships will be exposed as an object instance of the appropriate type via a property.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Active record pattern, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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During the 1993-94 school year, Hempfield Area School District entered the first phase of a major technological advancement program. All teachers were given access to computers, which enabled them to receive electronic mail; maintain grades; do word processing, database and spreadsheet tasks; and access student software.

Computer labs were upgraded and networked in the business and math departments. Computers were phased in to several other departments in individual classrooms or in labs, depending upon the needs of the department.

Since then the school has continued to upgrade and implement more and newer equipment. The district is now undergoing an ongoing, rotating upgrade of technology. All classrooms are now equipped with networked computers for teacher and student use so they can access data and software from anywhere in the building. The library provides Internet access to all students at the high school, while the Business Department teaches computer concepts and Web Page construction. CADD classes are also offered to students.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Hempfield Area High School, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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TechSkills offers career education programs in Information Technology, Allied Health Services, Accounting & Bookkeeping, and Project Management.

TechSkills students may pursue industry certification through Information Technology vendors including Microsoft, Cisco, Oracle, CompTIA, Prosoft, and (ISC)2; and through Health Services associations including the National Healthcareer Association and the Pharmacy Technician Certification Board.

Information Technology graduates may enter careers in IT engineering, network design, software development, database administration, IT security, web design or computer hardware. Health Services graduates may enter careers in medical coding, medical billing, medical transcription, medical office administration or pharmacy.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Techskills, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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ER/Studio is data architecture and database design software developed by Embarcadero Technologies. It works across multiple database platforms and is used by data architects, data modelers, database administrators and business analysts to create and manage database designs, document and reuse data assets.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article ER/Studio, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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life cycle of a relational database is the cycle of development and changes that a database goes through during the course of its life. The cycle typically consists of several stages. There is a possibility that the database designer/developer can go back to any of the previous stages. This represents an admission that a full understanding of a problem and its solution is likely to evolve as the various stages of design and implementation proceed. The typical eleven stages involved in the life cycle of a relational database are as follows:

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Life cycle of a relational database, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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The University is mainly made up of five faculties namely Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering and Faculty of Information and Communication Technology.

The courses offered by the respective faculties are listed as follows:

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

* Diploma in Electrical Engineering

* Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)

* Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Power Electronics and Drive)

* Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Control, Instrumentation and Automation)

* Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Mechatronics)

Faculty of Electronics and Computer Engineering

* Diploma in Electronics Engineering

* Bachelor of Electronics Engineering (Industrial Electronics)

* Bachelor of Electronics Engineering (Computer Engineering)

* Bachelor of Electronics Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics)

Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering

* Diploma in Manufacturing Engineering

* Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering (Manufacturing Process)

* Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering (Manufacturing Design)

* Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering (Robotics and Automation)

* Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering (Manufacturing Management)

* Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering (Engineering Materials)

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

* Diploma in Mechanical Engineering

* Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Automotive)

* Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Design and Innovation)

* Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Structure and Materials)

* Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering (Thermal Fluids)

Faculty of Information & Communication Technology

* Diploma in Information And Communication Technology

* Bachelor of Computer Science (Software Development)

* Bachelor of Computer Science (Computer Networking)

* Bachelor of Computer Science (Database Management)

* Bachelor of Computer Science (Interactive Media)

* Bachelor of Computer Science (Artificial Intelligence)

FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY MANAGEMENT AND TECHNOPRENEURSHIP

* Bachelor Of Technology Management (Innovation Technology)

* Bachelor Of Technology Management (High Technology Marketing)

* Bachelor Of Technopreneurship

Apart from the Diploma and Bachelor’s degree courses listed above, the university also offered courses up to Master’s and Ph.D. levels.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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* PHP4 / PHP5 compatibility

* Event driven, component based

* Brings the elegance of Java and C#

* Relies extensively on OOP concepts and the MVC design pattern

* Code-behind approach is used

* Ajax support

* Support for multiple database systems

* Internationalization

* Simple input validation

* View/Session/Application states

Adapted from the Wikipedia article QPHP Framework, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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In early 2002, in response to client requests for an expanded service that included New Media services, the Image Works evolved its embryo I.T. division by taking office space at the prestigious Dubai Media City. This division became known as ‘New Media Solutions’.

I.T. work was directed internally from The Image Works to the new division. Towards the end of the first year it became clear that the NMS would be capable of attracting a much wider client-base if it adopted its own pro-active approach to marketing.

In early 2003, after a full appraisal, the management further evolved the separate New Media Division by providing a separate entity with the intention that, whilst retaining the established name ‘The Image Works’, it would become self funding, building its own client base through its own marketing strategies.

The now independent ‘NMS’ division of The Image Works FZ LLC received a £100k cash injection thus laying the foundations for achieving the next level of expansion.

Adopting a ‘Total Media Solutions’ philosophy on the basis that one can easily buy in temporary expertise on an as-required basis, the company undertook I.T. projects ranging from web design, database creation and management, hosting consultancy, secure online service solutions through to the creation of CD-ROMs.

Adapted from the Wikipedia article The Image Works FZ LLC, under the G. N. U. Free Documentation License. Please also see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki

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